The Relationship Between John Proctor and Elizabeth in Arthur Millers

The Relationship Between John Proctor and Elizabeth in Arthur Miller's The Crucible The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller in 1952. It gives an insight into the terror of the Salem witch trials of 1692. Many innocent people were accused of witchcraft; plotting against God, killing people by using magic, taking over a person's mind and binding with the Devil. These were very religious times and any little hiccup in one's behaviour can give reason that one has been taking part in witchcraft. For example, John Proctor occasionally ploughs his field on a Sunday which is not strictly correct Christian behaviour and leads the prosecutors to think that Proctor is linked with the Devil. The Crucible is also a metaphor for McCarthyism in America in the 1950s. Many American people were questioned because they were suspected of being an, 'Un-American', or threatening the safety of the state. This questioning soon turned into a modern day witch-hunt. If anyone even criticised the government they were worthy to be questioned. In both cases the policy, 'guilty until proven innocent' seemed to apply, completely opposite to the justice system of today. In the beginning of Act II there is definite tension between Proctor and Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first line when she sees Proctor is, 'What keeps you so late? It's almost dark.' She does not greet him with warmth and love but with a hint of suspicion aroused from Proctor's recent affair with Abigail Williams. As the conversation carries on Elizabeth is very controlled with what she says. For example, Proctor says to her, 'Are you well today?' and she replies, 'I am.' It seems quite unnatural an... ... can't bring himself to confess to lies and when he heads off to be executed he exchanges a passionate kiss with Elizabeth. It shows the build up of emotion and an audience can see the strong love between the two of them. If you were to only see an extract from Act II you would think that Elizabeth and Proctor were an unloving and broken couple. But now their interactions are completely different, they show love, need and compassion for each other. The final line, said by Elizabeth, is, 'He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him.' She knows he is a good man and that he is doing the right thing for himself. Although they have to part, at least their relationship has been healed and Proctor can die knowing that Elizabeth loves him and has forgiven him; and Elizabeth knows that Proctor still loves her.

“Tears, Idle Tears”

The speaker sings of the baseless and inexplicable tears that rise in his heart and pour forth from his eyes when he looks out on the fields in autumn and thinks of the past. This past, (â€Å"the days that are no more†) is described as fresh and strange. It is as fresh as the first beam of sunlight that sparkles on the sail of a boat bringing the dead back from the underworld, and it is sad as the last red beam of sunlight that shines on a boat that carries the dead down to this underworld. The speaker then refers to the past as not â€Å"fresh,† but â€Å"sad† and strange.As such, it resembles the song of the birds on early summer mornings as it sounds to a dead person, who lies watching the â€Å"glimmering square† of sunlight as it appears through a square window. In the final stanza, the speaker declares the past to be dear, sweet, deep, and wild. It is as dear as the memory of the kisses of one who is now dead, and it is as sweet as those kisses that we imagine ourselves bestowing on lovers who actually have loyalties to others. So, too, is the past as deep as â€Å"first love† and as wild as the regret that usually follows this experience.The speaker concludes that the past is a â€Å"Death in Life. † Form This poem is written in blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter. It consists of four five-line stanzas, each of which closes with the words â€Å"the days that are no more. † Commentary â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears† is part of a larger poem called â€Å"The Princess,† published in 1847. Tennyson wrote â€Å"The Princess† to discuss the relationship between the sexes and to provide an argument for women’s rights in higher education. However, the work as a whole does not present a single argument or tell a coherent story.Rather, like so much of Tennyson’s poetry, it evokes complex emotions and moods through a mastery of language. â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears,† a particula rly evocative section, is one of several interludes of song in the midst of the poem. In the opening stanza, the poet describes his tears as â€Å"idle,† suggesting that they are caused by no immediate, identifiable grief. However, his tears are simultaneously the product of a â€Å"divine despair,† suggesting that they do indeed have a source: they â€Å"rise in the heart† and stem from a profoundly deep and universal cause.This paradox is complicated by the difficulty of understanding the phrase â€Å"divine despair†: Is it God who is despairing, or is the despair itself divine? And how can despair be divine if Christian doctrine considers it a sin? The speaker states that he cries these tears while â€Å"looking on the happy autumn-fields. † At first, it seems strange that looking at something happy would elicit tears, but the fact that these are fields of autumn suggests that they bear the memories of a spring and summer that have vanished, lea ving the poet with nothing to look forward to except the dark and cold of winter.Tennyson explained that the idea for this poem came to him when he was at Tintern Abbey, not far from Hallam’s burial place. â€Å"Tintern Abbey† is also the title and subject of a famous poem by William Wordsworth. (See the â€Å"Tintern Abbey† section in the Spark Note on Wordsworth’s Poetry. ) Wordsworth’s poem, too, reflects on the passage of time and the loss of the joys of youth. However, whereas Tennyson laments â€Å"the days that are no more† and describes the past as a â€Å"Death in Life,† Wordsworth explicitly states that although the past is no more, he has been compensated for its loss with â€Å"other gifts†: That time is past,And all its aching joys are now no more And all its dizzy raptures. Not for this Faint I, nor mourn nor murmur; other gifts Have followed; for such loss, I would believe, Abundant recompense. Thus, although bot h Wordsworth and Tennyson write poems set at Tintern Abbey about the passage of time, Wordsworth’s poem takes on a tone of contentment, whereas Tennyson’s languishes in a tone of lament. â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears† is structured by a pattern of unusual adjectives used to describe the memory of the past.In the second stanza, these adjectives are a chiastic â€Å"fresh†¦sad†¦ sad†¦ fresh†; the memory of the birth of friendship is â€Å"fresh,† whereas the loss of these friends is â€Å"sad†; thus when the â€Å"days that are no more† are described as both â€Å"sad† and â€Å"fresh,† these words have been preemptively loaded with meaning and connotation: our sense of the â€Å"sad† and â€Å"fresh† past evokes these blossomed and withered friendships. This stanza’s image of the boat sailing to and from the underworld recalls Virgil’s image of the boatman Charon, who ferries the dead to Hades. In the third stanza, the memory of the past is described as â€Å"sad†¦strange†¦ sad†¦ strange. †The â€Å"sad† adjective is introduced in the image of a man on his deathbed who is awake for his very last morning. However, â€Å"strangeness† enters in, too, for it is strange to the dying man that as his life is ending, a new day is beginning. To a person hearing the birds’ song and knowing he will never hear it again, the twittering will be imbued with an unprecedented significance—the dying man will hear certain melancholy tones for the first time, although, strangely and paradoxically, it is his last.The final stanza contains a wave of adjectives that rush over us—now no longer confined within a neat chiasmic structure—as the poem reaches its last, climactic lament: â€Å"dear†¦ sweet†¦ deep†¦ deep†¦ wild. † The repetition of the word â€Å"deep† recalls the â€Å"depth of some divine despair,† which is the source of the tears in the first stanza. However, the speaker is also â€Å"wild with all regret† in thinking of the irreclaimable days gone by.The image of a â€Å"Death in Life† recalls the dead friends of the second stanza who are like submerged memories that rise to the surface only to sink down once again. This â€Å"Death in Life† also recalls the experience of dying in the midst of the rebirth of life in the morning, described in the third stanza. The poet’s climactic exclamation in the final line thus represents a culmination of the images developed in the previous stanzas. Tears, Idle Tears The speaker sings of the baseless and inexplicable tears that rise in his heart and pour forth from his eyes when he looks out on the fields in autumn and thinks of the past. This past, (â€Å"the days that are no more†) is described as fresh and strange. It is as fresh as the first beam of sunlight that sparkles on the sail of a boat bringing the dead back from the underworld, and it is sad as the last red beam of com/online/">sunlight that shines on a boat that carries the dead down to this underworld. The speaker then refers to the past as not â€Å"fresh,† but â€Å"sad† and strange.As such, it resembles the song of the birds on early summer mornings as it sounds to a dead person, who lies watching the â€Å"glimmering square† of sunlight as it appears through a square window. In the final stanza, the speaker declares the past to be dear, sweet, deep, and wild. It is as dear as the memory of the kisses of one who is now dead, and it is as sweet as thos e kisses that we imagine ourselves bestowing on lovers who actually have loyalties to others. So, too, is the past as deep as â€Å"first love† and as wild as the regret that usually follows this experience.The speaker concludes that the past is a â€Å"Death in Life. † Form This poem is written in blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter. It consists of four five-line stanzas, each of which closes with the words â€Å"the days that are no more. † Commentary â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears† is part of a larger poem called â€Å"The Princess,† published in 1847. Tennyson wrote â€Å"The Princess† to discuss the relationship between the sexes and to provide an argument for women’s rights in higher education. However, the work as a whole does not present a single argument or tell a coherent story.Rather, like so much of Tennyson’s poetry, it evokes complex emotions and moods through a mastery of language. â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears,† a particularly evocative section, is one of several interludes of song in the midst of the poem. In the opening stanza, the poet describes his tears as â€Å"idle,† suggesting that they are caused by no immediate, identifiable grief. However, his tears are simultaneously the product of a â€Å"divine despair,† suggesting that they do indeed have a source: they â€Å"rise in the heart† and stem from a profoundly deep and universal cause.This paradox is complicated by the difficulty of understanding the phrase â€Å"divine despair†: Is it God who is despairing, or is the despair itself divine? And how can despair be divine if Christian doctrine considers it a sin? The speaker states that he cries these tears while â€Å"looking on the happy autumn-fields. † At first, it seems strange that looking at something happy would elicit tears, but the fact that these are fields of autumn suggests that they bear the memories of a spring and summer that have vanished, leaving the poet with nothing to look forward to except the dark and cold of winter.Tennyson explained that the idea for this poem came to him when he was at Tintern Abbey, not far from Hallam’s burial place. â€Å"Tintern Abbey† is also the title and subject of a famous poem by William Wordsworth. (See the â€Å"Tintern Abbey† section in the Spark Note on Wordsworth’s Poetry. ) Wordsworth’s poem, too, reflects on the passage of time and the loss of the joys of youth. However, whereas Tennyson laments â€Å"the days that are no more† and describes the past as a â€Å"Death in Life,† Wordsworth explicitly states that although the past is no more, he has been compensated for its loss with â€Å"other gifts†: That time is past,And all its aching joys are now no more And all its dizzy raptures. Not for this Faint I, nor mourn nor murmur; other gifts Have followed; for such loss, I would believe, Abundant recompense. Thus, although both Wordsworth and Tennyson write poems set at Tintern Abbey about the passage of time, Wordsworth’s poem takes on a tone of contentment, whereas Tennyson’s languishes in a tone of lament. â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears† is structured by a pattern of unusual adjectives used to describe the memory of the past.In the second stanza, these adjectives are a chiastic â€Å"fresh†¦Ã‚  sad†¦ sad†¦ fresh†; the memory of the birth of friendship is â€Å"fresh,† whereas the loss of these friends is â€Å"sad†; thus when the â€Å"days that are no more† are described as both â€Å"sad† and â€Å"fresh,† these words have been preemptively loaded with meaning and connotation: our sense of the â€Å"sad† and â€Å"fresh† past evokes these blossomed and withered friendships. This stanza’s image of the boat sailing to and from the underworld recalls Virgil’s image of the boatman Charon, who ferries the dead to Hades.In the third stanza, the memory of the past is described as â€Å"sad†¦Ã‚  strange†¦ sad†¦ strange. † The â€Å"sad† adjective is introduced in the image of a man on his deathbed who is awake for his very last morning. However, â€Å"strangeness† enters in, too, for it is strange to the dying man that as his life is ending, a new day is beginning. To a person hearing the birds’ song and knowing he will never hear it again, the twittering will be imbued with an unprecedented significance—the dying man will hear certain melancholy tones for the first time, although, strangely and paradoxically, it is his last.The final stanza contains a wave of adjectives that rush over us—now no longer confined within a neat chiasmic structure—as the poem reaches its last, climactic lament: â€Å"dear†¦ sweet†¦ deep†¦ deep†¦ wild. † The repetition of the word â€Å"deep† recalls the â€Å"depth of some divine despair,† which is the source of the tears in the first stanza. However, the speaker is also â€Å"wild with all regret† in thinking of the irreclaimable days gone by.The image of a â€Å"Death in Life† recalls the dead friends of the second stanza who are like submerged memories that rise to the surface only to sink down once again. This â€Å"Death in Life† also recalls the experience of dying in the midst of the rebirth of life in the morning, described in the third stanza. The poet’s climactic exclamation in the final line thus represents a culmination of the images developed in the previous stanzas.

Factors Responsible for an Increasing Trend in Anger and...

Topic: Factors responsible for an increasing trend in Anger and Aggression among youth Chapter 1 Introduction Anger is a normal human emotion. Everyone feels annoyed, frustrated, irritated, or even very angry from time to time. Anger can be expressed by shouting, yelling, or swearing, but in extreme cases it can escalate into physical aggression towards objects (e.g. smashing things) or people (self or others). In a controlled manner, some anger can be helpful, motivating us to make positive changes or take constructive action about something we feel is important. But when anger is very intense, or very frequent, then it can be harmful. Anger may be said to be caused from almost the same factors that are responsible for other†¦show more content†¦Putting other people down and making them feel bad about themselves, or abilities, is a form of judgmental anger. This person expresses their feelings by making those around them feel worthless. Chronic Anger – Ever come across someone that’s seemingly angry for no reason, or mad all the time? More than likely, they were exhibiting this type of anger. People with chronic anger are just mad in general. Overwhelmed Anger – This person relieves stress by shouting, and flying off the handle, when they can’t take situations and things that are happening around them, anymore. This anger is closely related to frustration and is an alternative response to the ‘learned helplessness’ reaction where an individual simply gives up on a situation. Overwhelmed anger can be caused either by a situation - for example having a tight deadline and a lot of important things to do, or by life in general - for example finding a job too demanding or struggling to raise children. Paranoid Anger – This anger comes about when someone feels jealousy towards others, because they feel other people have or want to take what’s rightfully theirs. Or they may act out because they feel intimidated by others. Deliberate Anger – Using anger to gain power over a situation or person. A person expressing this form of anger may not start out angry, but will get angry when something does not turn out the way they wanted. Or, someoneShow MoreRelatedDurkheim s Study On Suicide During The Industrial Revolution1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthan other factors like wealth† (Winner Collishaw, 2011). Interestingly enough, despite the increase of media attention on suicide, no studies have been published that explain why suicide rates vary among different groups. However, various factors are involved in the decision to commit suicide. As a result, suicide rates vary according to race, gender and age. Suicide attempts are highest among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) females, followed by AI/AN males, and are lowest among African AmericanRead MoreVideo Games Do Not Encourage Violence Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesencouraged America’s youth to act out in aggression. 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Anecdotal evidence of increase in violence by young people against women and old people, of road rage, of violence in schools, and other violent actions to get whatever they want is alarming.Read MoreSociological Analysis Of Hip Hop And Rap Music3152 Words   |  13 Pagesforces (for example: state policies, global economic trends, technological advancements, community characteristics as well as race, class, gender politics) were present and facilitated the development of Hip-Hop? Hip-Hop is an extensive and a broad conglomerate of various artistic forms that ultimately originated in the South Bronx and then quickly spread throughout the rest of New York City among African-Americans and other African-American youth mainly from the Caribbean and from Jamaica during theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency3863 Words   |  16 PagesJuvenile delinquency Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory age of majority).Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. DependingRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency3872 Words   |  16 PagesJuvenile delinquency Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory age of majority).Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. DependingRead MoreImpact of Socio-Economic and Cultural Changes on the Personality Development of Adolescents8858 Words   |  36 Pagescultural products and symbols. It occurs in families, communities, nations and in all social institutions. More importantly, it is observed with greater concern that these changes are creating an overwhelming and unimaginable gap with unprecedented and increasing velocity within the generations. 2. The middle aged generations and above is witnessing an abnormal growth of generation gaps being critically influenced by the advent of technology. Mass inception of Internet and cellular technology with itsRead More Media Violence and the Violent Male Adolescent Essays2229 Words   |  9 Pagestwo decades; (2) use proven research to show the impact of media violence on the individual; and (3) to illustrate my recipe for disaster, four correlations that contribute to the effects of media violence on male adolescents.    Rise in Youth Violence According to the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), (1999) in a committee report, The number of juvenile violent crime arrests in 1997 exceeded the 1988 level by 49%. Of that number, 2,500 were arrested for murder and 121,000Read MoreMedia Violence9754 Words   |  40 PagesChildren are among the greatest of imitatorsÂ… The debate over media violence has eluded definitive answers for more then three decades. At first glance, the debate is dominated by one question. Whether or not media violence causes real life violence and whether or not it has a negative effect of the modern day Canadian family. Closer examination reveals a political battle. On one hand, there are those who blame media violence for societal violence and want to censor violent content to protectRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagestheir normal living needs C= care for themselves (the caregiver) through adequate sleep, rest, exercise, nutrition, socialization, solitude, support, financial aid and health management 4. Youth violence, how does it effect communities? What preventative things can be done to reduce the violence among this age group? (pg. 435) A doctor suggested that community mental health providers work to do the following: Reestablish the village through the creation of coalitions and partnerships. Provide

A Brief History of Plasma Television

The first prototype for a plasma display monitor was invented in July 1964 at the University of Illinois by professors Donald Bitzer and Gene Slottow and then graduate student Robert Willson. However, it was not until after the advent of digital and other technologies that successful plasma televisions became possible. According to Wikipedia a plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. During the early sixties, the University of Illinois used regular televisions as computer monitors for their in-house computer network. Donald Bitzer, Gene Slottow, and Robert Willson (the inventors listed on the plasma display patent) researched plasma displays as an alternative to the cathode ray tube-based televisions sets being used. A cathode-ray display has to constantly refresh, which is okay for video and broadcasts but bad for displaying computer graphics. Donald Bitzer began the project and enlisted the help of Gene Slottow and Robert Willson. By July of 1964, the team had built the first plasma display panel with one single cell. Todays plasma televisions use millions of cells. After 1964, television broadcast companies considered developing plasma television as an alternative to televisions using cathode ray tubes. However, LCD or liquid crystal displays made possible flat-screen television that squelched the further commercial development of plasma display. It took many years for plasma televisions to became successful and they finally did due to the efforts of Larry Weber. University of Illinois author Jamie Hutchinson wrote that Larry Webers prototype sixty-inch plasma display, developed for Matsushita and bearing the Panasonic label, combined the size and resolution necessary for HDTV with the addition of thinness.

The Expansion Of Capitalism Has Hindered The Developing...

This paper seeks to indubitably forward that the expansion of capitalism has hindered ‘the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America’, therefore contributing to poverty: The state of being extremely poor’. Capitalism is an economic system, dependent solely on capital: the force that increases the productivity of labour, creating ‘wealth of nations.’ Adam Smith expressed capitalism’s exclusivity, driven by the ‘invisible hand’ mechanism, exclusive to developed countries and capable of causing such poverty. The British Empire, competitive pricing and globalisation reflect this. Postmodern scholar, Ricardo Hausman challenges my analysis, arguing that capitalism has not spread enough. Firstly, capitalism has weakened third world†¦show more content†¦This is referred to as ‘dead capital’ - those perfectly capable for entrepreneurship yet lacking rights. This stems from colonialism. At its ascendant into mature industrialised capitalism in the mid 18th century, proliferation of conflicting competition derived from western powers going to extensive to stake a claim of Africa’s resources. The scramble for Africa of 1884-85 reflects such ruthless competitiveness. Western powers argued with one and other over who should have the country with the highest concentration of resources. Historian Ieuan Griffiths says that this auction was deemed as a ‘great impediment to individual development.’ What was to come of dividing Africa’s resources? Exploitation. Africa and the West Indies endured slavery to produce sugar to Britain as the parent power. ‘Behind the great wealth of planters lay the triangle merchants who motiva ted the slave trade between Britain, Africa and the West Indies.’ Through cruelty and brutality, colonial capitalists forced unwaged and waged workforces to better their self-interests, exporting even humans away from where they potentially could better their own economy. With the existence of colonial competition and exploitation of third world countries, Hobsbawm stated, there was a power complex on which ‘British economic power essentially rested on.’ This complex portrayed the struggle by whichShow MoreRelatedBusiness Case Study : Emirates Airlines3877 Words   |  16 Pagesoperations from a regional airline service focused to encompassing an international component. The company’s global headquarters is located in Dubai. In regards to industry standards, Emirates is young being in operation for just 28 years. 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Diabetes Improvement after Bariatric Surgery

Question: Describe the mechanisms of type 2 Diabetes improvement after bariatric surger? Answer: Link between obecity and diabetes- Type 2 diabetes is one of most common physico-metabolic disorder which is characterized by high glucose level in blood which caused by insulin resistant by internal metabolic system or lack of insulin. Almost 85%-90% cases are type 2 diabetes among diabetes. So here bariatric surgery which is mainly associated with weight loss can be a significant solution for the people suffering from type 2 diabetes. There are some physico-chemical mechanism of body system are responsible for normalization of blood sugar level .Such as caloric restriction hypothesis, gastrointestinal hormonal changes hypothesis etc. (Mingrone , Castagneto-Gissey,2009) 80%-90% of diabetes affected peoples are diagnosed with obese. It provides enough support to the fact that there is an significant co-relation between diabetes obesity. Overweight give extra stress on the human body in a various way. Infact abnormal weight can be a significant factor to insulin resistance of body system. Overweight is common symptom which is generally seen in the people who are take insulin to maintain body glucose level. (Allen et al. 2013).The mechanism is more the insulin is taken more the glucose is absorbed in the cell, which is later transformed into fat. Thus a chance of gaining abnormal body weight is enhances. To get rid of this complications bariatric surgery are often prescribed by the physicians. There are several mechanism to normalize the blood glucose level after bariatric surgery. (Madsbad , Dirksen , Holst 2014). Various mechanism of reducing Type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery- Research shows type 2 diabetes is markedly improve after a successful weight loss surgery such as bariatric surgery. One long-term study tracked 400 people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. After 6 year of performing bariatric surgery on them,62% among them have no sign of diabetes. In this blood glucose normalization process various mechanism are associated. These are as follows- 1)Caloric restriction hypothesis- Patient diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes has shown outstanding improvement in insulin sensitivity as well as in bte-cell function also with minimum optimum calorie diet which is maintained consistently as follow up of bariatric surgery where both subcutaneous and central fat decreases.(Bradley , Magkos , Klein ,2012). A small study shows Insulin secretion low down 13.7 mclU/mL to 6.7 mclU/mL(p0.001) in the optimally controlled diet group compared with a fell from 23.2mclU/mL to 12.8 mclU/mL(p0.001) in the bariatric surgery group, performed by Judith Korner, MD, PhD, of Columbia University. 2) Gastrointestinal hormonal changes hypothesis- The concise blood sugar controlling effect of bariatric procedures has been very effective since recent years. In a concise metabolic analysis by Buchwald et al.,shows that controlling rate of blood sugar in type 2 diabetes followed by bariatric procedure, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were recorded to be 80%. The various gastrointestinal hormones produced from endocrine cells scattered along the whole GI tract. The latest characterization of intestinal metabolism after the bariatric surgery which is associated with entailing systematical alteration of food pathway nutrients through the GI tract composed with the fast frequent controlling of blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes after this operation. (Navarro-Diaz , Serra , Romero , Bonet , Bayes et al. 2006) Figure-1 Img-a Img-b [In the image-a normal gastrointestinal physiology and anatomical structure is shown. In image-b the physiology after RYGB is displayed.] As secretion of L-cell which is located in small intestine plays a significant physic-chemical operative role in management of blood glucose ,and in order to minimizes the L-cell secretion various follow-up chemical function occurred. Such as reduced secretion of the other hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from enteroendocrine K cells,which is mainly located in the proximal portion of the small intestine and suppression of ghreline secretion . These all physico-chemical procedures plays a significant role in maintain the blood glucose. In various hormone of stomach Ghrelin glucagon like peptide-1 has an distinct role in post bariatric surgical procedure for normalization of blood sugar level. ( Lieske , Mehta , Milliner , Rule , Bergstralh , Sarr . 2014). a- Decrease Ghrelin hormone Secretion It is known as Hunger hormone, is neuropeptide produced from ghrelin cell. It mainly regulates hunger as well as responsible in distribution and rate of use of energy. Circulation of ghrelin is predominantly occurred in the stomach. Mainly in the alpha beta-cells islet of langerhans ghrelin found to be produced within the pancreas. Here in order to significant concern, with regards to production of insulin ,GHS-R1 a partly co localizes in the pancreatic islet of human body system with the help of insulin positive beta cell. Acknowledging that ghrelin stimulation is one of the significant responsibility of human beta-cell. In this context it is also concern that decrease in ghrelin secretion directly decreases the blood glucose level. (Rodieux , Giusti , D'Alessio , Suter , Tappy 2008) b- Increase glucagon-like peptide-1 release This hormone basically categorized within the incretins group of hormone, the hormone is named like that, as it enhance the secretion of Insulin. L-cells of small intestine are the major source of this hormone. It enhance the secretion of insulin from the pancreas, followed by the enlargement in the volume of cells in the pancreas. After this pancreas produce insulin and stuck glucagon release. Food is the maise are n stimulus of this particular hormone release. In modern days in the formulation of anti hyperglycemic drug designing to mimic this peptide 1 in the human body system to control the blood sugar level in type 2 diabetes. (Sun , Asnicar , Saha , Chan , Smith . 2006) 3) The hindgut hypothesis- After bariatric surgery weight loss is occurring rapidly. Although these are the significant concern of recent research but till these are not clarified prominently. Two hypotheses are available concerning this. The hindgut hypothesis suggests that the rapid transformation of food to the distal bowel improve glucose transformation followed by minimizing glucose level. 4) The foregut hypothesis- Bariatric surgery significantly responsible for weight loss and metabolic changes which is occur after the surgery is associated with alteration in gut hormone which are associated in the glucose maintaining mechanism. In this particular concern the foregut hypothesis suggest that concerning the promoting of insulin resisting factors are till not prominently identified. (Kashyap, Gatmaitan , Brethauer , Schauer 2010) Conclusion- Two significant conclusions are obtained from above discussion and it is also understood that clarification of multiple field is to be needed. First, Insulin response is increased by the alteration of pathway of nutrients with the help of bariatric surgery. Second Maintaining of optimum calorie balance normalize plasma glucose level. References- 1. Mingrone G, Castagneto-Gissey L. 2009. Mechanisms of early improvement/resolution of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Metab. 35 : 518-232. Allen RE, Hughes TD, Ng JL, Ortiz RD, Ghantous MA, et al. 2013. Mechanisms behind the immediate effects of roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 10 : 45,4682-10-453. Madsbad S, Dirksen C, Holst JJ. 2014. Mechanisms of changes in glucose metabolism and bodyweight after bariatric surgery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2 : 152-644. Bradley D, Magkos F, Klein S. 2012. Effects of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterology. 143 : 897-9125. Navarro-Diaz M, Serra A, Romero R, Bonet J, Bayes B, et al. 2006. Effect of drastic weight loss after bariatric surgery on renal parameters in extremely obese patients: Long-term follow-up. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 : S213-76. Lieske JC, Mehta RA, Milliner DS, Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Sarr MG. 2014. Kidney stones are common afte r bariatric surgery. Kidney Int.7. Rodieux F, Giusti V, D'Alessio DA, Suter M, Tappy L. 2008. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity (Silver Spring). 16 : 298-3058. Sun Y, Asnicar M, Saha PK, Chan L, Smith RG. 2006. Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. Cell. Metab. 3 : 379-869. Kashyap SR, Gatmaitan P, Brethauer S, Schauer P. 2010. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes: Weighing the impact for obese patients. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 77 : 468-76

Spaghetti Westerns Essays - Film, Film Genres, Italian Films

Spaghetti Westerns Which is the cheesiest? The answer is pretty obvious, but let's take a close look. "Spaghetti Westerns," as their called, are a genre of western films, that have been created or filmed in Italy and are meant to portray the "Wild West" of America. "Macaroni Westerns," as I'll call them, make up the traditional western genre, made in the United States. Let's take a look at the similarities and differences of these genres, and at two films in particular that represent each genre; The Good the Bad and the Ugly(1966) and Rio Bravo(1959), which most critics will agree, are great examples of each genre. Let's start with the most obvious aspect that differs in the two genres. "Macaroni Westerns" are the cheesiest. These films have are pure cheese. I can barely sit through one of them. They have the typical characters; the hero(s), the bad guy(s), the fair maiden, and the quirky sidekick(s). These characters spout out cheesy lines, demonstrating how good or how bad they are, but they language always remains basically clean. In the Spaghetti Westerns, the language is a lot more diverse(lots of cussing). This is because each of these genres play to a different audience. The "Macaroni Westerns" are family films. They present right, wrong, and have many morals played out, such as, "no matter how many bad people are trying to kill you, you can take them all on if you wear a badge and talk like John Wayne." The "Macaroni Westerns" were typically family movies, because it was typical Hollywood(serving to the masses, whatever sells big). Violence, profanity, and not having blatantly evil and good characters, wasn't selling at the time, so we got "Macaroni." The "Spaghetti Westerns," on the other hand, were not trying to please everybody.(just the Italian roughnecks) Sure, these westerns took a lot from the traditional westerns, but they break away from the traditional "Macaroni Westerns" in many ways.(which we shall soon see) The "Spaghetti Westerns" play to a more liberal audience. They had a lot more creative liberty. Let's take a look at the aforementioned films in terms of plot, framing, editing, sound and cinematography. The plot in Rio Bravo is your typical American western. It is a "conflict between civilized order and the lawless frontier."(Bordwell/Thompson p.56) We have our heros and bad guys laid out before us in black and white. "Colorado" is the typical hero who tries to stay out of the conflict and then eventually sides with civilized order. "Dude" is another hero who fallows the same path. Our bad guys are made obvious from the early moments of the film by means of a murder. There isn't much to wonder about. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, everything isn't laid out for us from the beginning. Our "good guy" isn't revealed till quite a ways into the film. In this film, we get a pretty good idea who the worst guy is, but we are left to constantly wonder where one of the main characters stands, or if he will eventually become "good." We are forced to study each character more as they develop, to know who they are. In Rio Bravo, you don't give it a second thought. Rio Bravo introduces the plot motivation at the very beginning. The bad guy is in jail, and the heros have to keep him there till the marshal arrives. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, the motivation is revealed as the 200,000 dollars, but most of the characters don't know about it for half the film. This film seems to stretch things out like that. Now let's take a look at the framing. In Rio Bravo, the framing seems to be very simple. The main character is always in the center of the frame unless another character is coming into the frame. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, there is much more use of set framing. Many scenes and sequences are framed through window, alleys and doorways. This type of framing seems to pull you into the film much more. It creates framing in the same way that we frame things in the real world. Also, in The Good the Bad and the Ugly, there are many more close ups than Rio Bravo, as well as many extreme close ups that let you catch small eye and facial movements. Next let's discuss editing. The Good the Bad and the Ugly have, in general, much longer shots than Rio Bravo does. These extremely long shots are put together