A Brief History of Plasma Television

The first prototype for a plasma display monitor was invented in July 1964 at the University of Illinois by professors Donald Bitzer and Gene Slottow and then graduate student Robert Willson. However, it was not until after the advent of digital and other technologies that successful plasma televisions became possible. According to Wikipedia a plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. During the early sixties, the University of Illinois used regular televisions as computer monitors for their in-house computer network. Donald Bitzer, Gene Slottow, and Robert Willson (the inventors listed on the plasma display patent) researched plasma displays as an alternative to the cathode ray tube-based televisions sets being used. A cathode-ray display has to constantly refresh, which is okay for video and broadcasts but bad for displaying computer graphics. Donald Bitzer began the project and enlisted the help of Gene Slottow and Robert Willson. By July of 1964, the team had built the first plasma display panel with one single cell. Todays plasma televisions use millions of cells. After 1964, television broadcast companies considered developing plasma television as an alternative to televisions using cathode ray tubes. However, LCD or liquid crystal displays made possible flat-screen television that squelched the further commercial development of plasma display. It took many years for plasma televisions to became successful and they finally did due to the efforts of Larry Weber. University of Illinois author Jamie Hutchinson wrote that Larry Webers prototype sixty-inch plasma display, developed for Matsushita and bearing the Panasonic label, combined the size and resolution necessary for HDTV with the addition of thinness.

The Expansion Of Capitalism Has Hindered The Developing...

This paper seeks to indubitably forward that the expansion of capitalism has hindered ‘the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America’, therefore contributing to poverty: The state of being extremely poor’. Capitalism is an economic system, dependent solely on capital: the force that increases the productivity of labour, creating ‘wealth of nations.’ Adam Smith expressed capitalism’s exclusivity, driven by the ‘invisible hand’ mechanism, exclusive to developed countries and capable of causing such poverty. The British Empire, competitive pricing and globalisation reflect this. Postmodern scholar, Ricardo Hausman challenges my analysis, arguing that capitalism has not spread enough. Firstly, capitalism has weakened third world†¦show more content†¦This is referred to as ‘dead capital’ - those perfectly capable for entrepreneurship yet lacking rights. This stems from colonialism. At its ascendant into mature industrialised capitalism in the mid 18th century, proliferation of conflicting competition derived from western powers going to extensive to stake a claim of Africa’s resources. The scramble for Africa of 1884-85 reflects such ruthless competitiveness. Western powers argued with one and other over who should have the country with the highest concentration of resources. Historian Ieuan Griffiths says that this auction was deemed as a ‘great impediment to individual development.’ What was to come of dividing Africa’s resources? Exploitation. Africa and the West Indies endured slavery to produce sugar to Britain as the parent power. ‘Behind the great wealth of planters lay the triangle merchants who motiva ted the slave trade between Britain, Africa and the West Indies.’ Through cruelty and brutality, colonial capitalists forced unwaged and waged workforces to better their self-interests, exporting even humans away from where they potentially could better their own economy. With the existence of colonial competition and exploitation of third world countries, Hobsbawm stated, there was a power complex on which ‘British economic power essentially rested on.’ This complex portrayed the struggle by whichShow MoreRelatedBusiness Case Study : Emirates Airlines3877 Words   |  16 Pagesoperations from a regional airline service focused to encompassing an international component. The company’s global headquarters is located in Dubai. In regards to industry standards, Emirates is young being in operation for just 28 years. 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Diabetes Improvement after Bariatric Surgery

Question: Describe the mechanisms of type 2 Diabetes improvement after bariatric surger? Answer: Link between obecity and diabetes- Type 2 diabetes is one of most common physico-metabolic disorder which is characterized by high glucose level in blood which caused by insulin resistant by internal metabolic system or lack of insulin. Almost 85%-90% cases are type 2 diabetes among diabetes. So here bariatric surgery which is mainly associated with weight loss can be a significant solution for the people suffering from type 2 diabetes. There are some physico-chemical mechanism of body system are responsible for normalization of blood sugar level .Such as caloric restriction hypothesis, gastrointestinal hormonal changes hypothesis etc. (Mingrone , Castagneto-Gissey,2009) 80%-90% of diabetes affected peoples are diagnosed with obese. It provides enough support to the fact that there is an significant co-relation between diabetes obesity. Overweight give extra stress on the human body in a various way. Infact abnormal weight can be a significant factor to insulin resistance of body system. Overweight is common symptom which is generally seen in the people who are take insulin to maintain body glucose level. (Allen et al. 2013).The mechanism is more the insulin is taken more the glucose is absorbed in the cell, which is later transformed into fat. Thus a chance of gaining abnormal body weight is enhances. To get rid of this complications bariatric surgery are often prescribed by the physicians. There are several mechanism to normalize the blood glucose level after bariatric surgery. (Madsbad , Dirksen , Holst 2014). Various mechanism of reducing Type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery- Research shows type 2 diabetes is markedly improve after a successful weight loss surgery such as bariatric surgery. One long-term study tracked 400 people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. After 6 year of performing bariatric surgery on them,62% among them have no sign of diabetes. In this blood glucose normalization process various mechanism are associated. These are as follows- 1)Caloric restriction hypothesis- Patient diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes has shown outstanding improvement in insulin sensitivity as well as in bte-cell function also with minimum optimum calorie diet which is maintained consistently as follow up of bariatric surgery where both subcutaneous and central fat decreases.(Bradley , Magkos , Klein ,2012). A small study shows Insulin secretion low down 13.7 mclU/mL to 6.7 mclU/mL(p0.001) in the optimally controlled diet group compared with a fell from 23.2mclU/mL to 12.8 mclU/mL(p0.001) in the bariatric surgery group, performed by Judith Korner, MD, PhD, of Columbia University. 2) Gastrointestinal hormonal changes hypothesis- The concise blood sugar controlling effect of bariatric procedures has been very effective since recent years. In a concise metabolic analysis by Buchwald et al.,shows that controlling rate of blood sugar in type 2 diabetes followed by bariatric procedure, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were recorded to be 80%. The various gastrointestinal hormones produced from endocrine cells scattered along the whole GI tract. The latest characterization of intestinal metabolism after the bariatric surgery which is associated with entailing systematical alteration of food pathway nutrients through the GI tract composed with the fast frequent controlling of blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes after this operation. (Navarro-Diaz , Serra , Romero , Bonet , Bayes et al. 2006) Figure-1 Img-a Img-b [In the image-a normal gastrointestinal physiology and anatomical structure is shown. In image-b the physiology after RYGB is displayed.] As secretion of L-cell which is located in small intestine plays a significant physic-chemical operative role in management of blood glucose ,and in order to minimizes the L-cell secretion various follow-up chemical function occurred. Such as reduced secretion of the other hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from enteroendocrine K cells,which is mainly located in the proximal portion of the small intestine and suppression of ghreline secretion . These all physico-chemical procedures plays a significant role in maintain the blood glucose. In various hormone of stomach Ghrelin glucagon like peptide-1 has an distinct role in post bariatric surgical procedure for normalization of blood sugar level. ( Lieske , Mehta , Milliner , Rule , Bergstralh , Sarr . 2014). a- Decrease Ghrelin hormone Secretion It is known as Hunger hormone, is neuropeptide produced from ghrelin cell. It mainly regulates hunger as well as responsible in distribution and rate of use of energy. Circulation of ghrelin is predominantly occurred in the stomach. Mainly in the alpha beta-cells islet of langerhans ghrelin found to be produced within the pancreas. Here in order to significant concern, with regards to production of insulin ,GHS-R1 a partly co localizes in the pancreatic islet of human body system with the help of insulin positive beta cell. Acknowledging that ghrelin stimulation is one of the significant responsibility of human beta-cell. In this context it is also concern that decrease in ghrelin secretion directly decreases the blood glucose level. (Rodieux , Giusti , D'Alessio , Suter , Tappy 2008) b- Increase glucagon-like peptide-1 release This hormone basically categorized within the incretins group of hormone, the hormone is named like that, as it enhance the secretion of Insulin. L-cells of small intestine are the major source of this hormone. It enhance the secretion of insulin from the pancreas, followed by the enlargement in the volume of cells in the pancreas. After this pancreas produce insulin and stuck glucagon release. Food is the maise are n stimulus of this particular hormone release. In modern days in the formulation of anti hyperglycemic drug designing to mimic this peptide 1 in the human body system to control the blood sugar level in type 2 diabetes. (Sun , Asnicar , Saha , Chan , Smith . 2006) 3) The hindgut hypothesis- After bariatric surgery weight loss is occurring rapidly. Although these are the significant concern of recent research but till these are not clarified prominently. Two hypotheses are available concerning this. The hindgut hypothesis suggests that the rapid transformation of food to the distal bowel improve glucose transformation followed by minimizing glucose level. 4) The foregut hypothesis- Bariatric surgery significantly responsible for weight loss and metabolic changes which is occur after the surgery is associated with alteration in gut hormone which are associated in the glucose maintaining mechanism. In this particular concern the foregut hypothesis suggest that concerning the promoting of insulin resisting factors are till not prominently identified. (Kashyap, Gatmaitan , Brethauer , Schauer 2010) Conclusion- Two significant conclusions are obtained from above discussion and it is also understood that clarification of multiple field is to be needed. First, Insulin response is increased by the alteration of pathway of nutrients with the help of bariatric surgery. Second Maintaining of optimum calorie balance normalize plasma glucose level. References- 1. Mingrone G, Castagneto-Gissey L. 2009. Mechanisms of early improvement/resolution of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Metab. 35 : 518-232. Allen RE, Hughes TD, Ng JL, Ortiz RD, Ghantous MA, et al. 2013. Mechanisms behind the immediate effects of roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 10 : 45,4682-10-453. Madsbad S, Dirksen C, Holst JJ. 2014. Mechanisms of changes in glucose metabolism and bodyweight after bariatric surgery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2 : 152-644. Bradley D, Magkos F, Klein S. 2012. Effects of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterology. 143 : 897-9125. Navarro-Diaz M, Serra A, Romero R, Bonet J, Bayes B, et al. 2006. Effect of drastic weight loss after bariatric surgery on renal parameters in extremely obese patients: Long-term follow-up. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 : S213-76. Lieske JC, Mehta RA, Milliner DS, Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Sarr MG. 2014. Kidney stones are common afte r bariatric surgery. Kidney Int.7. Rodieux F, Giusti V, D'Alessio DA, Suter M, Tappy L. 2008. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity (Silver Spring). 16 : 298-3058. Sun Y, Asnicar M, Saha PK, Chan L, Smith RG. 2006. Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. Cell. Metab. 3 : 379-869. Kashyap SR, Gatmaitan P, Brethauer S, Schauer P. 2010. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes: Weighing the impact for obese patients. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 77 : 468-76

Spaghetti Westerns Essays - Film, Film Genres, Italian Films

Spaghetti Westerns Which is the cheesiest? The answer is pretty obvious, but let's take a close look. "Spaghetti Westerns," as their called, are a genre of western films, that have been created or filmed in Italy and are meant to portray the "Wild West" of America. "Macaroni Westerns," as I'll call them, make up the traditional western genre, made in the United States. Let's take a look at the similarities and differences of these genres, and at two films in particular that represent each genre; The Good the Bad and the Ugly(1966) and Rio Bravo(1959), which most critics will agree, are great examples of each genre. Let's start with the most obvious aspect that differs in the two genres. "Macaroni Westerns" are the cheesiest. These films have are pure cheese. I can barely sit through one of them. They have the typical characters; the hero(s), the bad guy(s), the fair maiden, and the quirky sidekick(s). These characters spout out cheesy lines, demonstrating how good or how bad they are, but they language always remains basically clean. In the Spaghetti Westerns, the language is a lot more diverse(lots of cussing). This is because each of these genres play to a different audience. The "Macaroni Westerns" are family films. They present right, wrong, and have many morals played out, such as, "no matter how many bad people are trying to kill you, you can take them all on if you wear a badge and talk like John Wayne." The "Macaroni Westerns" were typically family movies, because it was typical Hollywood(serving to the masses, whatever sells big). Violence, profanity, and not having blatantly evil and good characters, wasn't selling at the time, so we got "Macaroni." The "Spaghetti Westerns," on the other hand, were not trying to please everybody.(just the Italian roughnecks) Sure, these westerns took a lot from the traditional westerns, but they break away from the traditional "Macaroni Westerns" in many ways.(which we shall soon see) The "Spaghetti Westerns" play to a more liberal audience. They had a lot more creative liberty. Let's take a look at the aforementioned films in terms of plot, framing, editing, sound and cinematography. The plot in Rio Bravo is your typical American western. It is a "conflict between civilized order and the lawless frontier."(Bordwell/Thompson p.56) We have our heros and bad guys laid out before us in black and white. "Colorado" is the typical hero who tries to stay out of the conflict and then eventually sides with civilized order. "Dude" is another hero who fallows the same path. Our bad guys are made obvious from the early moments of the film by means of a murder. There isn't much to wonder about. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, everything isn't laid out for us from the beginning. Our "good guy" isn't revealed till quite a ways into the film. In this film, we get a pretty good idea who the worst guy is, but we are left to constantly wonder where one of the main characters stands, or if he will eventually become "good." We are forced to study each character more as they develop, to know who they are. In Rio Bravo, you don't give it a second thought. Rio Bravo introduces the plot motivation at the very beginning. The bad guy is in jail, and the heros have to keep him there till the marshal arrives. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, the motivation is revealed as the 200,000 dollars, but most of the characters don't know about it for half the film. This film seems to stretch things out like that. Now let's take a look at the framing. In Rio Bravo, the framing seems to be very simple. The main character is always in the center of the frame unless another character is coming into the frame. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, there is much more use of set framing. Many scenes and sequences are framed through window, alleys and doorways. This type of framing seems to pull you into the film much more. It creates framing in the same way that we frame things in the real world. Also, in The Good the Bad and the Ugly, there are many more close ups than Rio Bravo, as well as many extreme close ups that let you catch small eye and facial movements. Next let's discuss editing. The Good the Bad and the Ugly have, in general, much longer shots than Rio Bravo does. These extremely long shots are put together