Ikea Invades America Essay Example for Free

Ikea Invades America EssayFounded in 1943 by a poor Swedish farmer named Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA is now one of the bear-sizedst piece of piece of article of furniture retailers in the world. From its inception, Kamprad wanted to create cheap, quality furniture that e rattlingone could afford. That formula led to IKEAs early success in Sweden and has carried over until today. To its customers, IKEA is not just a store but a way of life, which may be evident through the cult-like following the company has achieved.When talking most the four Ps of marketing ( growth, price, place, promotion), there are few companies in the world that have mastered this concept better than IKEA. IKEA has been able to recognize the demands of its shoppers and create compelling products that wager those demands at a reasonable price. Its products are sold at unique stores that serve strategic every last(predicate)y important, geographic markets. This paper examines the factors that have made IKEA s uch a big success and offers some recommendations for future growth in the United States.Today, IKEA has over 240 stores in 35 countries and has revenues of over $26 billion. Its revenues double every 5-6 years and the company is now expanding to growing markets like China, Japan, and Brazil. The future of IKEA looks brighter than ever. For a brief snapshot of IKEAs current gross revenue around the world see accompaniment 1. In 1985, IKEA decided to invade America. Faced with this early failure, IKEA retooled its furniture to fit Ameri stand tastes. IKEA soon became the fastest growing furniture retailer and the 14th largest furniture retailer overall in the United States.IKEA executives needed to find a balance of how to create new furniture offerings without losing its unique design and corporate soul. By examining IKEAs marketing strategy and answering a series of four questions, we have developed recommendations (see Appendix 2) that we think will lead to IKEAs proceed growth and success. 1) What are some of the ways that furniture retailers have sought to overcome these purchase obstacles? a) identifying a product that consumers like, b) visualizing the product in the consumers home, and c) acquire the product in the consumers home?In furniture sales, there are two general strategies the low-end and the highschool-end. The low-end offers cheap, utilitarian furniture that is dreary looking. Cheap furniture is marketed to people such as college students who have a small budget. The cheap furniture is besides displayed in poorly lit showrooms that offer little to no customer service. High-end furniture stores compete on quality and service. The high-end offers a large selection in each style and sub-style of furniture, which results in the showroom having a large inventory. The broad, variety strategy virtually guarantees that a customers preferred style will be available.The high-end stores also have high touch sales associates to help customers with product selection and furniture measurement. Sales associates are trained to educate their customers such as explaining the life spans of different materials. They also reassure customers that their furniture will last a life time. Visualizing a piece of furniture in a persons home can be very difficult. The high-end furniture stores have beautiful showrooms that are elaborately decorated to help the customer visualize where they can place new furniture or how they can redecorate their home.High-end stores also offer interior design services. Most retailers offer credit to make high-end furniture more affordable. All retailers offer home delivery, sometimes free, to make the transition as pain little as possible for the customer. As an added bonus, retailers offer to assemble the furniture in the customers home. Sometimes, delivering the furniture also involves rearranging furniture, as well as removing and discarding old furniture. Providing these services makes the purchase of n ew furniture an easy and worry-free process. 2) Explain IKEAs reverse positioning strategy.IKEA created a intercellular substance used to prioritize product lineup and price. (See Appendix 3) Primarily the matrix is used to set a target retail price and select a product style. With the matrix system, IKEA is able to identify product line opportunities and gaps creating a well rounded store. IKEA has avoided the image of the low end furniture store by displaying furniture in brightly lit showrooms. These showrooms help customers envision how the furniture interacts with the allotted space. Plus color coordinated cards provide design tips and info kiosks are on hand to help customers.All of these features reinforce IKEAs self service ethos without making the customer feel abandoned. In IKEAs case, the squiffy rejected the standard business models for both high-end and low-end furniture stores. IKEAs furniture is composed of cheaper parts that are not visible and are not at a lower place high stress through use and a higher quality material is used for the visible parts or parts under high stress. This gives IKEAs furniture a higher end look while keeping their costs low. IKEAs reverse positioning kept prices low, while eliminating legion(predicate) services thought essential to a higher-end store.The company replaced them with unique services for its category a bright, inviting showroom, furniture that was attractively designed, a child care center, a restaurant serving Swedish meatballs, and brightly colored house wares and clever toys. As a result, IKEA successfully avoided the feel of the low-end retailers, and customers find the IKEA shopping lie with to be immensely appealing (Moon, IKEA Invades America, 5). 3) What are some of the various product/service attributes that IKEA has chosen to withhold from its customers?IKEA seems to incorporate a hybrid strategy focusing on both cost and differentiation. IKEA attempts to price in the low to midrange cate gory. IKEA does not build its furniture to last a lifetime, which in-fact flows well with its ad campaigns focused on allow go of the semimetal look on Americans often place on furniture. IKEA products are known for falling apart after a few years however, its customers are typically satisfied with the look, functionality, and affordability of IKEA products (Moon, 2004, p. 5).Its focus is on cost-efficiency, so the company uses higher-quality materials on visible surfaces and lower-quality materials elsewhere. High-end stores compete on quality and high touch experience and selection. Nearly all types of furniture stores offer delivery services. However, IKEA successfully eliminated many of these attributes. IKEA products are designed to be transported unassembled in flat boxes, which keeps shipping costs low and prevents IKEA from having to deliver/assemble furniture for customers (Moon, 2004, p. ).Customers are responsible for transportation of their furniture and assembly of th eir furniture. Although this step may seem like its decreasing the consumer experience/perceived product value its actually keeping the customer involvement level high. Moreover, the competitive pricing offered at IKEA is attributed to letting customer build their own furniture, which keeps costs to a minimum. Formerly, IKEA only produced a few different designs however, this has changed in recent years.In order to be consistent with IKEAs self-service ethos and to keep costs low, the dimension of sales assistants to customers is kept low. The low number of sales associates can have a negative effect on the consumer experience. To handle furniture questions, customers are provided with product descriptions and measuring tape so they can make their own measurements. 4) What are some of the areas that IKEA has managed to achieve cost efficiency by implementing a number of firm-specific execution processes? A number of cost effective operating processes have been implemented by IKEA. In furniture design, IKEA engineers often select cheaper/low quality materials for less visible areas that experience minimal stress and expensive materials for visible areas that undergo stress. This aids IKEA in producing durable, good-quality products at low costs. IKEA has worked with over 1,800 suppliers in over 50 countries and often uses suppliers from developing countries. To keep costs down, IKEA usually purchases in bulk and often orders various components of a given product from different suppliers. IKEA is strict with employees about waste it enforces minimal travel budgets and requires them to save electricity.IKEA keeps a small staff in stores and provides self-serve trolleys to aid consumers in loading their vehicles. Typical furniture retailers require a larger staff and/or incur shipping costs for delivery of their bulky, already assembled products. Flat packaging allows IKEA customers to transport their purchases home and eliminates the expense of home delivery. I KEAs flat packaging strategy is another firm specific operating process. The strategy was inspired by an employee who, in 1955, removed the legs off a dining table to fit it into a customers car.This strategy requires designers to keep in mind the amount of space their products take up in their unassembled form. Flat packaging also helps prevent damage to the products during the shipping process. IKEA will often redesign their products multiple times to achieve space optimization and reduce shipping costs. dummy optimization typically lowers prices for consumers however, it may lengthen the assembly process. IKEA should continue to incorporate cost cutting activities across the board so long as the consumer experience remains positive.

Comparison of Little Red Riding Hood from Different Countries Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Little Red Riding Hood from polar Countries EssayEvery so often, t present uprises a tier so popular that it survives many decades and is common in many cultures. Growing up here in America, I was always told the story of Little Red Riding Hood. Because of the way American structure is set up, the story in this culture teaches the mess told the story a lesson as well as has a happy ending. The American story of Little Red Riding Hood isnt the unless version of this story. As previously mentioned, there are stories that survive many decades and last through many cultures this is one of them.However, they all have different names. thither are also Little Red Cap, Little Red Hood, The Grandmother, The True History of Little Golden Hood, Grandmothers Nose, and Little Red Hat. These stories come from many different areas such as Germany, Poland, Italy, Austria, and France, and they have many different authors. There are two things that do stay the same throughout e very retelling of this story, the characters and idea. There is always a little girl, her grandmother, her mother, and the wolf.Additionally, in every retelling, it involves the little girl having to go to her grandmothers house to deliver something to her. However, the actions taken by the characters and their personalities change in every telling of the story. Although every version of Little Red Riding Hood has a similar idea, the characterization and moral of the story alters based upon what time period and location it was written in because of the influences of the country of origins stereotypes, ideals, and events.

Role of Hospitality Related Organizations

Role of cordial reception Related OrganizationsAC 1.3 Assess the theatrical role of hospitality related organizations and professional bodies.This research is about the role of the hospitality related organizations and the professional bodies involved, it will also state the role of hospitality related organizations and professional bodies in the UK like the mint 1st, British Hospitality Association, Institute of Hospitality and British Institute of Innkeepers, jumping-off point UK. An assessment of the role of the listed hospitality organization and professional bodies will be made then a conclusion will be drawn to about the above mention.Listed below are the roles of four hospitality related organizations and the professional bodiesPeople 1st endure with employers to implement solution to increase work via population.Act as a means of accreditation for colleges and training providers to certify their training programs.People 1st support regional and local bodies growth plans , from destination organizations to councils and local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) says people1st.co.ukHelps with job opportunities and information(people1st.co.uk)British Hospitality AssociationImplement new polices that create new jobs.5PageContribute to export earnings.Creates a competitive advantage for the UK.(British Hospitality Association, 2016)Institute of HospitalityIts an educational system which certifies students in all aspects of the hospitality sectors worldwide.Supports and love the hospitality training.(instituteofhospitality.org)British Institute of InnkeepersRepresent workers across the hospitality application.Provide advice and support.Promote professional standards.(BII, 2016)Springboard UKHelp youths to achieve their goal.Help people to rule jobs.Promote hospitality and tourism.Provide learning outcome for teachers to make their classesInnovative.(springboard.uk.net)The hospitality industry is a very vast and growing industry with different sectors and mi llions of people working in it to make it function, organizations and professional bodies guard been developed to help make this industry flow by engaging in training and certifying activities and to be the back-bone supporter of the people working in the industry. Some of these organization are springboard UK, British Institute of Innkeepers, Institute of Hospitality, British Hospitality Association and People 1st.The springboard UK is responsible for influencing the young people to achieve their goals and to help people of all ages to be employed, they also promote the hospitality and tourism industry (springboard.uk.net). Springboard UK is important as it act as a haven for not only young people bout allages so they can have a second chance. British Institute of innkeepers act as a union to support, help and give advice when every they regard it, this body is exceptional because the workers need someone to help voice their opinion and problems (BII, 2016). Institute of hospital ity is a charity organization that help people to be certified in each sector of their choice doing this promotes the hospitality industry and helps people who cant afford to attend a hospitality school (instituteofhospitality.org). Peoples 1st roles are to increase performance also act as a means of accreditation for hospitality schools doing this helps with job opportunities because upon hiring, companies want to know that the person they are hiring are well accredited (People1st.co.uk, 2016)). cultivationIn conclusion, the role of the organization and professional bodies are very much important to both the industry and the people and it plays a major role in the UK hospitality industry, with helping with job opportunities, training, accreditation for schools also being the voice of the people put it a set above, thus making this very vast industry more manageable.

Looking At The Social Welfare Legislation Social Work Essay

Looking At The Social Welf atomic number 18 Legislation Social run EssaySocial workers, as a profession, exist in a contested domain, within a framework of rights and duties that be defined by fair play, by employers and professional codes of conduct (Swaine and Rice, 2009 xi). To be effective a companionable worker moldiness grow an understanding of statutory and legal requirements, and while using the law attempt to balance conflicting principles and practices. It is important to note that the law does not tell us what we ought to do, just what we can do most decisions in favorable work involve a labyrinthian interaction of ethical, political, technical and legal issues which are all interconnected (Banks 1995). In answering this question I remember to focus on the squirtren brings 1989 and 2004 detailing the background to the acts and applying them to the Smith case study.The courts in England are managed by Her Majestys coquets Service, an executive agency of the Minis try of Justice (Brammer 2010). The courts are divided into fell and civil courts. Criminal courts deal with criminal cases and civil courts deal with non-criminal disputes. The role thatsocial workers play in courts can be broken down into habitual law and private law. Public law cases are draw where the state, acting through topical anaesthetic mandate social serve, takes steps to intervene in family feel. This includes applications for carry off golf-clubs, supervision orders and emergency protection orders. Proceedings where individuals bring cases in their own name are known as private law cases. Contact and residence hall cases, applications for specific issues orders, prohibited steps orders parental responsibility and adoption are examples of private law cases. The English court structure is hierarchical with the Supreme Court at the top and the Magistrates Court and Tribunals at the bottom. This means that cases are seen in the inferior courts first before proceedi ng, when necessity, to the superior courts. A decision made in the Supreme Court would bind all inferior courts. Social workers can be involved at all levels of the court structure and undertake tasks such as writing reports, appearing as witnesses, or providing support to a service user. As such it is essential for social workers to adjudge a profound understanding of the law as it applies to their role. Most court proceedings are held in public in accordance with Article 6 of the Human Rights cause 1998, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing. However, in certain circumstances the public and press are excluded and cases are heard privately or in camera (Brammer 201065).For social work practice the Human Rights bend 1998 admits an opportunity to empower service users and professionals while promoting best practice, as well as an spear carrier layer of responsibility (Cull and Roche 200180). Local authorities can no longer use budgetary constraints as justification for decisions as discretionary policies and decisions can be challenged on the basis of an alleged breach of human rights. (Cull and Roche, 2001). The Human rights mo 1998 incorporates the radiation diagram for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms into UK domestic law (Brammer 2010). The European Convention for Human Rights contains rights, prohibitions and freedoms arranged in articles. The focus of the Human Rights Act 1998 is to promote and uphold rights contained in these articles and it leaves opportunities to promote anti-discriminatory practice.Social workers legal areas of responsibility are classified advertisement as duties or powers. Social services are obliged to carry out a trade. There is no discretion or allowance and mischance to carry out a duty could found an action for judicial review (Brammer 201017). For example, under constituent 47 of the Children Act 1989 topical anaesthetic authorities have a duty to investigate if they have have reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or is seeming to suffer, significant harm (Children Act 1989, Section 47(b)). Powers give a social worker the office staff to act in a bad-tempered way still there is discretion to decide how to act. For example, a local authority has power to make payments to parents in respect of travelling, subsistence or other expenses incurred by that person in visiting the child (Para. 16 of Sch. 2 to the Childrens Act 1989).Specific pieces of legislation are more applicable to social workers in their specific roles. The Children Acts 1989 and 2004 are of particular relevance to those working with children and families. Prior to the implementation of the Children Act 1989 the law as it related to children was found in various acts and judicial hearings. The Children Act 1989 combined and simplify existing legislation in order to create an enlightened and practical framework for decision-making, w hether the decision is taken in the family home, in a local authority office, in a health centre or in a court room (Allen, 1998, quoted in Cull 2001). Various forces led to the implementation of the Children Act 1989. Firstly, the need to address numerous child abuse and child death scandals such as Maria Colwell and Jasmine Beckford. Central themes that emerged from inquiries into the deaths of these children were the need for better cohesion amidst agencies to better protect children and consideration of the childs welfare as predominant (OLoughlin and OLoughlin 2008). much(prenominal) themes consequently emerged in the Laming Inquiry (2003) following the death of Victoria Climbie, and other subsequent inquiries. These continual failures seem to indicate that the Children Act 1989 does not seem to be fulfilling its purpose. Secondly, international commitments made to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 meant the need to provide legislation highlighti ng the importance of childrens rights. The Children Act 1989 recognised the right of children to have their voices heard in the decision-making process and made provisions for childrens guardians to be appointed by the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) re redeeming the child and the childs interests in court (Children Act 1989, s.41). Under section 44(7) of the act children of sufficient age and understanding were enabled to stand to undergo medical mind, something that the children involved in the Cleveland Inquiry (1988) had not been able to do (OLoughlin and OLoughlin 2008). The Act gave flexibility to the court to meet individual childrens needs in particular circumstances and to act in the best interests of that child (Brammer, 2010). The Children Act 1989 brought together public and private law to ensure that the welfare of the child is paramount (OLoughlin and OLoughlin, 200821) and reaffirmed the belief that children were best brought up with in their families, with minimal intervention from the state (Brayne and Carr, 2008).In response to the Laming Report (2003) into the death of Victoria Climbi the government published the verdure Paper, Every Child Matters. This document had four key themes more focus on supporting families and carers, timely intervention and protecting children from falling through the clear addressing issues of poor accountability and ensuring that childcare workers are valued, rewarded and trained (Brayne and Carr, 2008). The Children Act 2004 was passed following consultation on this Green Paper. It provides the legislative framework required to address the issues highlighted in the Laming report. Its main aim was to develop more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and their families (Brayne and Carr, 2008 p.155). The main provisions of the Children Act 2004 include a duty to co-operate to improve the wellbeing of children, especially in light of failings by multiple agencies to protect children like Victoria Climbi. Under the Act local authorities have a duty to make arrangements to improve wellbeing and partner agencies have a duty to co-operate with local authorities. To enhance the duty of agencies to co-operate Section 8 of the Children Act 2004 imposes the duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Agencies are encouraged to prioritise their responsibilities to children and share early concerns in order to proscribe crises. Legislation in the 2004 Act requires that all agencies in contact with children recognize that their needs are different from those of adults and safeguard and promote their wellbeing in the figure of their normal duties. Section 17 of the Children Act 2004 introduced the requirement for local authorities to produce Children and Young peoples Plans (CYPP). The CYPP should be the single, strategic, overarching plan for all services and all relevant partners (Brayne and Carr, 2008 p.160) . The 1989 Act focused on child protection, the key term in the 2004 Act is safeguarding. Child protection is linked to legally based state intervention, safeguarding is a means of ensuring that children receive the support that they need for their wellbeing (Brayne and Carr, 2008 p.161).The Children Act 2004 required the establishment of Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards in order to promote better collaboration amongst agencies in safeguarding the wellbeing of children the creation of an information database known as Contact Point to facilitate contact between professionals involved with individual children to secure early, uniform intervention (Brayne and Carr, 2008 p. 163) and the appointment of childrens services directors in childrens services authorities to ensure political leadership and accountability for the performance of childrens services (Brayne and Carr, 2008 p. 164).The Childrens Act of 1989 and 2004 have both gradually endeavoured to develop legislation and admin istrative roles to do with children in a broader sense and to make official provision for children better and safer. With the Children Act 2004 the functions of social services did not change provided how they are delivered has been modified. (OLoughlin and OLoughlin, 2008)The Children Act 1989 outlines the responsibilities that local authorities have towards children in their area. Practice is guided by three underlying principles. Firstly, oblige intrusion into family life should be avoided wherever possible. Secondly, local authorities should work in partnership with parents and provide support to try to keep families together. Lastly, local authority resources should be targeted on families in need to ensure support is available to avoid children suffering ill-treatment or neglect and in extreme circumstances being taken into care (Cull 2001). With the Smith family the starting point under the Children Acts 1989 and 2004 must be to help safeguard and promote the welfare of And rew and Annie. Under section 47 of the Children Act 1989 if the local authority have reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives or is found in their area is suffering, or likely to suffer, significant harm, they must take such enquiries as they consider essential to enable them to decide whether they should take any action to safeguard or promote the childs welfare (Children Act 1989, s.47 (1) (b)). Enquiries made are the beginning of a process and the intention is to decide whether or not action is necessary. Effectiveness of the assessment of the childs needs (and those of the family) is key to the effectiveness of subsequent actions and services and ultimately to the outcomes for the child (Department of Health et al., 2000b). A social worker carrying out this assessment must do so in a manner that causes the least distress to Annie and Andrew, while being respectful to Clare and David. Families affected by parental learning disability are also particularly likely to expe rience negative attitudes, and worse, from those with whom they come into contact (Department of Health 2007).Practicing in an anti-discriminatory manner would require not making assumptions about David and Clares parenting collectible to their learning disability. In order to work in partnership with the parents as the Children Act requires the social worker must ensure that the parents do not emotional state marginalised by explaining the purpose of the investigation and the likely outcomes. How the investigation is handled could affect the relationship between the family and social services and the way the family view input from professionals and other agencies that may become involved.The Children Act 1989 introduced the terms children in need and looked after children and comprised various duties to promote the welfare of such children (Brammer, 2010). The Act even went further by put in place provisions for children leaving care (Brammer, 2010). Looked after children refer s to children who are subject to care orders and those who are voluntarily accommodated by the local authority. Children are considered to be in need if they are unlikely to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or development without intervention by the local authority health or development is likely to be impaired or further impaired without local authority support they are disabled (s. 17 (10) Children Act 1989). Local authorities have specific duties to children considered to be in need. As both David and Clare are known to professionals it is possible that the children have already been classified as in need. In this case the local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of such children, provide services appropriate to their needs and ascertain and give consideration to the wishes of the child/ren (Children Act 1989, s.17, as amend). Following a section 47 investigation if it is deemed necessary the local authority would also have the power to p rovide training, advice, guidance and counselling for David and Clare (Cull 2001). David and Clare have co-operated so far and if this remains to be the case the local authority will carry out its duties in partnership with David and Clare, until no further formal intervention is required. It is particularly important to avoid a spotlight where poor parental care, which does not meet the threshold of significant harm to a child, later declines because of a lack of support. Failure to provide support in this type of situation can damage a childs right to remain with their family (Department of Health, 2007).If the Smith case was considered an emergency it would be possible to apply to court for an want Protection Order (EPO), this would allow for immediate compulsory intervention in order to protect the child/ren (s. 44, Children Act 1989). Those with parental responsibility must be given a minimum of one days notice of impending action however, action can be taken without notice. If the parents are not present at the initial application for the EPO they have the right to challenge the basis of the intervention after 72 hours. The order lasts a maximum of eight days, but can be extended for a further seven days following application. The applicant has parental responsibility of the child for the duration of the order. This is very oft a go through aspect of the act as the parents rights are removed in order to safeguard the child. The child must be returned as briefly as it is safe to do so. (s. 44(10) Children Act 1989). The need for an EPO can arise when the referral is received or at any point in the involvement with children and families. Such an order seems to contradict Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998(Right to private family life). Although important it may prove difficult to balance David and Clares right to private and family life while protecting the childrens right not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Articl e 3, Human Rights Act 1998).If the out of hours social worker had initially failed to gain access to the children to initiate an investigation but concerns were not urgent the local authority could apply to court for a Child Assessment Order (CAO) (Children Act 1989, s. 43). The order would supplement to powers of the social worker in assessing the child. A court can except grant a CAO if there is reasonable cause to suspect the child is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm and that assessment is required to ascertain if this is the case without the order it is unlikely that assessment can be carried out. A CAO may give direction on how an order is to be carried out, for example, directing that children be kept apart from home, or giving direction for a medical assessment to be carried out. With this particular order parental responsibility remains with the parents. Only a local authority or the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children can apply for a CAO.In some circumstances it may be necessary to separate the child from an alleged abuser. As it may be considered too distressing and confusing to remove the child from the home the Family Law Act 1996 amended the Children Act 1989, giving the court power to order the removal of an alleged abuser from the home. In order for Exclusion Orders (EO) to be made the court must be satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that if the person is removed the child will no longer suffer or be likely to suffer significant harm. The court must be satisfied that there is someone else willing and capable of caring for the child and that they consent to the excision requirement. Four principles generally apply to all orders under the Children Act 1989 paramountcy of the welfare of the child (s1 (1)) reducing delay (S1 (2)) to avoid prejudicing the welfare of the child (in this respect some(prenominal) of the orders that could be granted by the court had specific time limits) no orde r unless considered in the best interests of the child (s1 (5)) and limiting litigation (s91 (14)) (Open University, 2003). The Children Act 1989 provides a welfare checklist s.1 (3) detailing what factors a court has to consider in certain proceedings relating to children. This list includes issues such as the childs wishes/needs, sex, background, etc. Although the law is attempting to impose control when applying an order it also attempts to provide some balance and promote anti-discriminatory practice with children and families.The relationship between social work practice and the law is an extremely complex and ever-changing one. The law is constantly developing especially with the influence of the Human Rights Act 1998 becoming more visible in court decisions. As a result social workers must have an understanding of how the law applies to practice situations recognising the strengths as well as the limitations of applying the law. Sound knowledge of the law is not only essentia l to ensure that the actions undertaken are legal and proportionate, such knowledge is essential for the social workers own professional protection (Brammer 2010 Foreword by Andrew McFarlane).

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health

The Inequalities In UK noetic wellnessIntroduction and definitionsThe World wellness Organization (WHO) has defined the moral health asA state of well- universe in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, roll in the hay cope with the normal stresses of life, ass work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contri that whenion to his or her alliance (1).According to NHS website every year in the UK, more than 250,000 passel atomic number 18 admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 pile commit self-annihilation (2). affable health inequality is a long standing problem that has been tackled for decades by epidemiologists, sociologists and health professionals.And because this problem has both strong social and medical tantrum there is no unified approach to identification and resolution.From Sociologists view assign inequality with moral health is a problem that has two main ex endations people be poor because they have noeticly ill fortuneness that makes them unable to keep work probably (social selection), or they become noeticly ill under the stress of being poor (social causation). However, in modern psychiatry otherwise factors are believed to involve in the etiology such as genetic factors, diet, and hormonal disturbance which interact with personality disorders or emotional state to produce workforcetal illness.The problem of inequality is non only about the present of a true noetic illness but it is mathematical to expand the definition of rational health inequality to take back occasional tints which is considered by United Kingdom Department of wellness to be a globe health indicatorHow people feel is not an elusive or abstract concept, but a signifi piece of tailt in the public eye(predicate) health indicator as significant as rates of smoking, obesity and bodily activity (3)The table below gives examples of those factors that promote or reduce opportunities for well(p) noetic health (4)PROTECTIVE FACTORSINTERNAL EXTERNAL Good physical health High self esteem Learning ability Good strife man sequencement early and positive bonding and attachment experience make relationships and ability to maintain or break them acceptance feeling good communication skills Availability of the basic posits such as shelter and food, validation by the community support from surrounding social network present of procedure models play security good education level feeling secure political stabilityVULNERABILITY FACTORSINTERNAL EXTERNAL congenital diseases or disablement low self-esteem or social status sexuality problems relationships problems feeling of isolation institutionalisation lack of essential needs food , heat , housing .. blemish and sepa balancen experience violence or abuse experience substance abuse psychiatric disorder runs in family discrimination unemployment peer pressure level pressure from value systems povertyTable 1 factors that regard good men tal healthWhat is the evidence on mental health inequalities?Socio-economic statusMany Community-based epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship among Socio-economic status and rates of schizophrenia. Saraceno found that the current prevalence (calculated up to one-year prevalence) of the schizophrenia among low-SES is higher than people of high-SES with a ratio of 3.4, and when calculated to lifetime prevalence it is 2.4 (5), and in Britain, suicides rates among people from lower SES nearly double that of high-SES (6).There are five hypotheses to explain this relation (7)(8)1 Economic stress. The mental illness is a speci?c outcome of the stress related to economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and housing unaffordability.2 Family fragmentation. The inverse SESmental illness correlation is a function of the fragmentation of family structure and lack of family supports.3 Geographic drift. Individuals movement from communities of subsequent to their initial hospitalization leads to inverse SESmental illness correlation (8).4 Socioeconomic drift. Low employment rate related to initial hospitalization of lower SES communities.5 Intergenerational drift. Can be explained as following The inverse SESmental illness correlation is a function of declines in community SES levels of hospitalized adolescents between their ?rst hospitalization and their most recent hospitalization later turning 18 (8)Age In elderlyIn a report for NIMHE (National Institute for Mental Health in England) (9 cited by 21) .the following point regarding mental health problems in elderly has been noticed The number of older people with symptoms of mental problems in the UK is about 3 millions. 10-15% of older people could be diagnosed by depression when applying the approved clinical criteria. About 5% of people ripend over 65 and 20% over 80 are unnatural by dementia The economic cost of dementia in elderly is about 4.3 billion per year , this is more than the cost f or heart disease ,stroke, crabby person combined the above numbers are expected to rise by a third in the next 15 yearsMental health problems in elderly are more likely to go undiagnosed. Even where they are recognized, they are often poorly managed (10).The UK inquiry into mental health in later life (11) listed five factors that affect the mental health of elderly relationships contribution in meaningful activity physical health (capacity to do everyday tasks) discrimination (by age or culture) and poverty. in children WHO states that the building an burdenive mental health policy for child and adolescent requires first deep understanding of mental health problems among children and adolescents(12)There is an evidence that levels of distress and dysfunction during childhood are considerably high between 11 per cent and 26 per cent, while the skanky cases that require interventions are around 36 per cent of people under 16 years of age (13,14).Emotionally disturbed children are un card-playingened to abuse or neglect in their family of origin, with estimates up to 65 per cent (15).Gender Women and Mental HealthIt is proved that mental health problems are more common among women than men with a higher incidence rates of depressive disorder than men (16).There are many factors to explain this, first Socio-economic problems such as poor housing conditions and poverty cause greater stress and fear of future amongst women. lack of confidence and self-esteem may be the results of educational factors such negative school experiences , Living in unsafe neighborhoods cause stress and anxiety amongst women , another common problem is addiction on prescription medications (for depressive and quiescency disorders) leads to more stress and anxiety. (16). Men and Mental HealthIn today world Men tend to be more susceptible to mental health problems than ever before especially suicide, approximately possible reasons for this are (17) Men in widely distributed are less likely to discuss their feelings or problems or even to admit that they may have depression. Comparing to women, fewer men look for help when having mental problems. The repair of unemployment on men is deeper in general. more or less mental disorders are more serious in men. For example suicide is considered to be a leading cause of mortality among young men age group(18). Suicide rate is especially high in poor communities for men from age group 10-24 comparing to the same age group in squiffy communities. It is known in addition that the onset of schizophrenia is earlier in men and the clinical outcomes are poorer (18).Risk groups for mental illness in men include (19) Older men many of them are less willing to benefit of provided health renovations because of the perception that these work are for older women. Divorced men because of the lack of support available from their families, and services directed to meet the needs of this group. Male victims of domestic abuse es pecially boys in rural areas. Gay and bisexual men few services are available to assist this group to deal with problems such as homophobic bullying and harassment. Sexual abuse victims, over again insufficient support is provided for males of this group. Fathers this is mainly delinquent to stresses of parenthood combined with less support services when comparing to those available to mothers. Mourning men With no or very few appropriate services specifically designed to men who have undergone bereavement. Men lifetime in rural areas obviously due to hassle in getting access to proper support services. Offenders of young age group less psychological services are available in insipid justice centres in spite of the fact that there are high numbers of young Offenders who actually have mental health problems needed to be interpreted care of.Ethnic groupThe Count me in report by Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection ( 20) noted differences in admission price rates a mong different ethnic groups for example that rates were lower in white British ,Chinese and Indian comparing to the national average , while in Bangladeshi and Pakistani group the rates were around the national average , the highest rates (more than three multiplication higher than average) were found in minority down(p) groups (African and Caribbean) and in Mixed groups (White/Black African or White/Black Caribbean).Employment Status and Mental HealthIt is well-known that getting a line of work is a protective factor regarding mental illness (21).But this is not always true. As Wilkinson (22) noted that jobs which are insecure or do not reach out the required level of satisf treat could have negative effects equal to that of unemployment. The main factors that cause this are (21) stress associated with fear of job loss, feeling of imbalance between effort and reward and inability to control job circumstances, stressful relationship with colleagues and bosses, cases of harassmen t or bullying. All this factors can lead in the end to serious mental health illness.On the other hand, According to OSC Health Inequalities Review (23) people with a mental illness have five times lesser chance to get a job, and if they are already working they become more likely to be fired, financially this group has in general lesser income (twice times chance than the general population) and more likely to depend on invalidity benefits. It is noticed that among mental disorders psycho illness has the worse impact on employment rates which decline in this group to only one in four.Geographic strainStudies result on geographic variation of mental illness are inconsistent , for example Hollie (24) has concluded that regarding mental problems it is possible to see notable variation at the household level but this variations do not exist in postcode units , and there is no proven connection with geographical accessibility or quality of residential surroundingsHollie noticed als o that in common mental illnesses the psychosocial environment has greater importance than the physical environmentAnother example comes from a recent Swedish adopt of 4.4 million adults found that with increasing levels of urbanisation there was a notable rise in the incidence rates of psychosis and depression (25).Another study by Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution shows that people from densely populated areas had a 68-77% and 12-20% higher risk of developing any psychotic illness and depression respectively when compared to a control group in rural areas. Within urban areas the rates for psychoses map closely those for deprivation and the coat of a city also matters in London schizophrenia rates are about twice those in Bristol or Nottingham (26,27).Disability and Mental HealthDefinition According to Disability Discrimination Act (1995) (DDA) (28)A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental constipation which has substantial and long-term adverse affect o n his ability to carry out normal day to day activitiesIn the light of this definition we can focus on mental health inequality of three groups of people (21) People suffer socio-economic disadvantage caused by stigma and discrimination associated with their mental health problems. People with both physical disabilities and mental health problems. People with physical disabilities, whose experience discrimination and stigma because of their physical impairment and become mentally ill because of this experience.Disabled people are more likely to experience stress and emotional instability than those who are not disabled.a report by the equating Commission for Northern Ireland (29) had found that when surveyed 52% of disabled people had experienced high levels of stress in the last 12 months comparing to 34% of people who are not disabled , and when it comes to depression disabled women have a higher rate of depression than disabled men with 44% comparing to 34%ConclusionInequality i n mental health is as important as any other form of health inequality, however the interaction between social and personal level in mental illness makes it more gruelling to address different kinds of mental health Inequalities associated with it.Question 2 news count (2000)Tackling inequalities in mental healthIntroductionMany researchers agree that mental illness could be considered one of the fundamental social and health determinants, and it is difficult to separate these both sides because in most cases social exclusion and social inequalities are both cause and consequence of mental disorders (30) several(prenominal) studies refer oddly to two characteristics that distinguish mental illnesses when it comes to public health problems (30) first they are the recent high rates of incident and second is the early onset which affect much younger age group comparing to other health problemsMental health diseases have two distinct characteristics as a public health problem first ve ry high rates of prevalence secondly onset is usually at a much younger age than for other health problem , Mental health diseases effects all aspects of peoples lives personal relationships, employment, income and educational performance. (31,32)Who is at risk for mental health problems?Defining risk groups enables policies makers to determine how to manage available resources to achieve better health equality. Furthermore, these groups are the main targets for health equality promotional programs.A revaluation of recent evidences on mental health inequalities can help to define the large groups at risk (33) People living in institutional settings such as care homes or those in secure care or subject to detention. People living in unhealthy settings and who may not be reached by traditional health care such as veterans or the homeless. People with physical and/or mental illness, people misusing drugs, people with alcohol problems, people who are victims of violence and abuse.chi ldren whose parents have problems with alcohol or with drugs, children whose parents have a mental illness and looked after and accommodated children, People from groups who experience discrimination.Key policiesThese policies can be long term policies focusing on deep change over a long period or short term seeking fast results such as health promotion.Long term aimsInequalities in mental health are not only about equality of access, but also about the quality of access.In the year 2009 Mental Health Foundation has published a report on resilience and inequalities in mental health (Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities) (30, 34)This report mentioned four points that should be consider as priorities1- Factors that support the life of the families mainly the Social, cultural and economic conditionsThis can be done by reduce child poverty , parenting skills training and high quality preschool education , providing secure fundaments for the children to play in particularly outdoo rs, and cooperation between the different governmental agencies to thick-skulled violence and sexual abuse.2- Establishing an educational system that can effectively support children on both emotional and economical scale by Schools health promoting programs, involving teachers, pupils, parents and working with families to enhance the home learning environment (HLE). Taking steps to encourage sport activities and social events beside academic performance.3- Reduce unemployment and poverty levels to reduce their negative effect on mental health, and while this is not an easy goal but the steps that could be taken my include Supporting efforts to improve pay, work conditions and job security. Taking advantages of workplace based support by early detecting and caring of personal problems or psychiatric symptoms before developing into serious stages..4- take over economic and social problems, which cause the psychological distress. Such as housing/transport problems, isolation, debt, beside that art and leisure centres can help to reduce stress too.However, these strategies take a long time to be effective, that means the need for more rapid actions or short term aims.Short term aims Mental health promotionTo build an effective strategy to promotion for health equality the following points should be achieved (30,35). Comprehensive promotion of mental Health is not only the responsibility of health services alone other sectors of society should join that effort. Based on evidence Responding to the needs of the local communities, and with the agreement of these communities. Under endless assessment The strategy should undergo critical evaluation and can be changes should be made when necessary.A good example of such strategy is the Mental health national evidence based standards which have been issued by The National Service Framework for Mental Health (36). The idea of these standards is to deal with mental health discrimination and compact social exclusion in p atients with mental illness. And that can be achieved by promotion Increase the awareness about the importance of mental health in the society Take strong position against discrimination affecting individuals with mental illness, and promote the steps that make the social comprehension possible for them.Tackling inequalities for special risk groupsThe Suicide prevention strategyOne of the best example is the strategy based on work by The NSPSE (National Suicide stripe Strategy for England), the report was the result of literature review of suicide prevention programs around the world and has reached the following goals (38)1. To identify and work on people with the highest self-destructive risk.2. To raise the awareness about mental well-being in the society .3. To target common suicide methods and limits the possibility to get access to such methods if possible.4. use with the media for better coverage of suicidal behaviour and its dangers.5. Support the research for better unde rstanding of suicide and the possible way to reduce it.6. To evaluate the steps taken to achieve lower rates of suicide.Women and Mental Health PreventingThe results of UK-based survey (38 cited by 21) shows that mental health services for women Do not respond to special need of mental health in women. Can be unequal. Sometimes prove to be unsafe for women. May not reflect to the gender effects on social inequalities, which present in deferent levels such as class and race.However, in their response to a survey conducted in England and Wales (38), women said that they services should give up Sense of Security for them. Encourage the feelings of independence and ability to make choices and control their life again. Try to identify and deal with the real causes beyond the stress and the problems they grammatical case not only the symptoms of these problems. support motherhood by directly address this group problems, such as suitable accommodation, jobs opportunities, education. Embr ace their inner strength and potentials of recovery.These points are crucial to build a need-based action plan for better equality in health services.Men and Mental Health PreventingThe Equal Minds conference shop which had special focus on men and mental health listed some changes to the support services that make these services more related and directed to knead men mental health issues (21) the services should be designed especially for men and with easy access in mind , this include both the place and timing of the selected service , for example choosing places that men usually meet in , or including sport activities or introducing programs that run only by men holistic approach, works on the person as a whole, not just on mental health. Early intervention to prevent anxieties and concerns build up, especially in stress and anger management. Trust and confidence are vital to solve problems of identity and role which can cause a lot of stress and self-image problems in men.Ethni city and Mental Health PreventingOne of the main problems in this group is the accessibility to the mental health services due to many factors such as lingual communication. Stereotypic approach to their problems. Ignorance about the importance of mental health.Sashidharan in his report titled Inside Outside (39 cited by 21) discussed the mental health services provided for minatory and minority ethnic groups in England and Wales. And he noticed that these services are different when comparing to services provided to the majority white population in some aspects Patients are less likely to receive specialist mental care. Patients are more likely to undergo obligatory admission (there are differences exist between different ethnic groups and different age groups). Patients are more likely to be wrongly diagnosed. Patients are more likely to be treated with psychiatric drugs and Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), more than receiving talking therapies. To have higher readmission rates and stay for longer in hospitals. To be admitted to secure care/forensic environments. Their social care and psychological needs are less likely to be addressee within the care planning process. To have worse outcomes.A strategic approach in Ethnicity and Mental HealthIn England and Wales a framework has been developed for action for delivering race equality in mental health (40 cited by 21)The framework introduces three points which are essential to reach the targets of better services and results in mental health problems in minority ethnic groups, these points are Providing high quality Information services. To see to it that the provided services are easy to access and can respond quickly to minority groups needs. Involve the community in the efforts toward better mental health.In other words any approach should take in consider both quality of health services and the already existing socio-economic inequalities that ethnic groups may face.Some suggested steps for this approach may include (21) Providing interpretation and translation services beside mental health service to secure highest possible quality. Adopting equalities practice in mental health services, that mean better understanding for cultural identity, the impact of racism, and culture differences in the ways people express of mental stress. Researching better tools and assessment measures that can better assess patients from different backgrounds and ethnicities. Ensuring that services understand and respect spiritual requirements for different cultures. Ensuring access equality to services that more culturally accepted including, counseling, mental hygiene and advocacy. Addressing common problems of black and minority communities, such as housing, employment, welfare benefits, and child-care.Disability and Mental Healthpeople with disabilities may experience high levels of socio-economic disadvantage due to discrimination and stigma , this group need a special interest regarding mental he alth services , they are liable for what Rogers and Pilgrim (41) described inequalities created by service provision.Mental health services for disable people should be customized to their needs, some recommendations for such services may include Promotion for well-being, mental health, and living with disability. Early intervention for people who show symptoms for possible mental illness. Personalised care based on individuals wishes and needs. Stigma work for better social inclusion and try to deal with problems associated with stigma and discrimination associated with some disabilities.Elderly and mental healthIn order to achieve better equality for this group, policy makers should insure better access to mental health services in the first place.In the year 2005 the Department of Health introduced a report titled Securing mitigate Mental Health for Older Adults (42) to launch a new program to enhance the levels of services provided for elderly suffering mental illnesses or prob lems, this report promoted for a new policy that depends on two important steps Ensuring equality in the provided mental services that means that the availability of these services should depend on the actual need for it not on selective age groups. The approach of these services should be Holistic and personalized to meet both mental and physical needs for older age group.Here, it is essential to emphasis the importance of specialist mental health service for older adults.Sexual Orientation and Mental HealthIn this group health promotion plays a prominent role to address the mental problems associated with sexual orientation.PACE organization has published practice guidelines for mental health services working with lesbian, gay and bisexual people (43 cited by 21).The guidelines suggest that these services should especially designed to meet the needs of LGB people, examples of such services include particularly counseling and advocacy.In response to these guidelines and other studi es about LGB such as (44 cited by 21). Mental health services for LGB people should drive with the problems of heterosexism and homophobia that this group frequently faces. Raise the community awareness about the problems that this group suffer especially social exclusion and discrimination. The services directed to LGBT people should be able to interact effectively with this group culturally competent.Preventing in Mental Health ProblemsPeople with mental health problem are in need for resilience factors which may be the only way to heal from mental distress and to fight the stigma and discrimination they frequently face (21), we can name some of these factors such as confiding relationships, social networks, self-determination, financial security, however, support health services are essential for individual recovery and to achieve socially inclusive accepting communities (45).Examples for these services can be found in report on Mental Health and Social Exclusion which has been introduced by Social Exclusion Unit. The report included a 27-point Action Plan especially designed to deal with discrimination and stigma (21).In this action plan the health and social care services play an decisive role to fight the problem of social exclusion and provide the proper support for community and families, this support may include help to find better accommodation, and provide financial (46).Beyond this report, it is essential that policy makers be aware of connection between inequalities and mental health as a result and a cause, this will encourage more holistic approach that aim prevention at the long run.ConclusionIt is essential to put the different recommendations on mental health inequalities into everyday practice , for example a recent study by Glasgow condense for Population Health found that policies are not driving practice for effective reduction in inequalities levels in mental health within firsthand care, and the primary care organization studied is n ot Contributive to tackle inequalities in mental health. (47).For that reason, it is the responsibility of government, health services and health professionals to put these strategies and plans into action to insure a better and healthier society.

The Dredd Scott Case Essay -- Supreme Court American History Slavery E

The Dredd Scott CaseThe Dredd Scott case involved a landmark decision in the taradiddle of the absolute Court, in the history of the linked States the decision in this case was one of the most damaging statements in the history of the Supreme Court, involving the citizenship of a black person in the United States, and the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise in 1820. The history of a black man learnd Dredd Scott states that he was a break ones back originally owed by a family by the name of Blow, which ended up selling him in 1833 to an army surgeon by the name of Dr. John Emerson of St. Luis. Due to his involvement as an army surgeon, Emerson was transferred to numerous places such(prenominal) as Rock Island, Illinois, Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin Territory then back to St. Louis in the end of 1838. Scott had accompanied Emerson throughout this period. Emerson had taken Scott to places that forbidden bondage match to the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and Scott was eve n allowed to marry during this time period on free territory, his companion being a woman who was also a slave owned by Emerson. As Emerson and Scott had returned to St. Louis, a territory where slavery was legal, Emerson died and Scott was left to his widow, who eventually gave Scott back to his original owners, the Blows. Henry Blow, Scotts original master, was opposed to the auxiliary of slavery into the Western territories, and Blow lent Scotts residence on free soil in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory had made him a free man. In 1846, Dredd Scott brought suit in the state greet on the grounds that residence in a free territory released him from slavery. A lower state court had found to be in favor of Scott, but in 1852, the Supreme Court of Missouri ruled that upon his return to territory where slavery was legal, the status of slavery was reattached to him and in that respectfore he had no standing before the court. The case was brought before the federal circuit court, whic h took jurisdiction, but held against Scott. The case was taken on appeal to the Supreme Court, where it was argued at length in 1855 and 1856 and finally decided in 1857. The decision handed down by a majority of the vote of the court was that there was no power in the in the existing form of government to make citizens slave or free, and at the time of the formation of the US composition they were not and could not be citi... ...than presiding over a session of the circuit court), Taney on the 28th of May, 1861, declared Merryman entitled to his freedom on the grounds that he was illegally detained. In an unusual move, he filed and opinion condemning Merrymans arrest as an arbitrary and illegal denial of civil liberty. Taney stated that troops detention of civilians like Merryman was unconstitutional because only congress had authority to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. Taney described the president as a mere administrative ships officer charged with faithful enforcement o f the laws. according to the Chief Justice this amounted to a constitutional duty not to execute the laws as they are expanded and adjudged by the unionize branch of the government, to which that duty is assigned by the constitution. Taney sent a copy of his opinion to Lincoln. President Lincoln justified his action in a capacity to Congress in July 1861. He reasoned further that the framers did not intend that in an emergency no action should be taken to protect the state-supported safety by suspending Habeas Corpus until Congress should be assembled. More importantly he ignored Taneys opinion. Merryman, however, was later released.

Symbolism in ?Young Goodman Brown? Essay -- essays research papers

Young Goodman Brown, by Nathanial Hawthorne, is the story of one mans journey to incur himself. In it, Hawthorne uses many elements as symbols to add significance throughout the chronicle. The author does a good job of portraying some of the people and objects with symbols and allows the story to locomote more developed.     Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many people as symbols throughout "Young Goodman Brown," but the roles that are most symbolic are those of Goodman Brown and his wife Faith. Both of the characters label are symbolic of their personalities. Goodman is truly a good man. Goodman Brown states, With Heaven above and Faith below, I will stand firm against the devil (322). This shows that he is a good religious man with a lot of faith in God....